When the FDA voluntary toothpaste recall made national headlines in October 2026, millions checked their cabinets. Specifically, over 4.3 million tubes of commercial toothpaste were pulled from the market. These included popular children’s character varieties under the Brush Buddies brand. Furthermore, adult formulas from evo, ARU, and BB were also recalled due to manufacturing quality (CGMP) deviations^{[1, 2, 3]}. Many households are now searching for alternative options. In this respect, plant-based options may be good alternatives. Herbal toothpastes certainly offer promising benefits for plaque and gum health. However, the human research has clear boundaries. It is to be noted that switching away from fluoride carries hidden risks^{[4, 5, 13]}. So, this guide explains the recall details. It also covers what human clinical trials actually show about herbal toothpaste alternatives.

What is the FDA Voluntary Toothpaste Recall 2026?

On September 10, 2026, Pritam International Private Limited initiated a nationwide product removal. Specifically, they recalled 4,301,700 tubes of toothpaste^{[1, 2]}. Subsequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration classified the recent FDA’s voluntary toothpaste recall as a Class II action^{[1, 3]}. It is pertinent to mention here that all 17 affected products were distributed by Ashtel Studios Inc.^[2].

The agency cited “Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) deviations” as the reason^{[1, 3]}. Generally, federal CGMP regulations govern the methods used to manufacture over-the-counter drug products. Consequently, these rules ensure every tube meets purity standards^[3]. Although no toxic chemical was explicitly named, a Class II classification is serious. It means using the product may cause temporary health problems^{[2, 3]}.

Recalled Brands and Varieties

Because the recall heavily impacts kid-friendly lines, you should inspect your tubes. Specifically, check them against the 17 recalled varieties^{[1, 2]}:

• Brush Buddies Kids Lines (4 oz): First, check for Barbie Bubble Gum and Hot Wheels Strawberry. Additionally, look for My Little Pony and Crayola Silly Scents^[1].
• Brush Buddies Dessert Lines (3.5 oz): Second, avoid Vanilla, Mint Chocolate Chip, and Cookies ‘n Cream. Also, check for Whitening with Baking Soda Cool Mint^{[1, 2]}.
• Adult Brands (BB, evo, ARU): When adult brands are concerned, we need to know which ones. Yes, they are BB Cavity Protection, evo Advanced Whitening, and ARU Gum Health^{[1, 2]}. So, get rid of them right away.

What the research shows on herbal alternatives

In this year, since the FDA voluntary toothpaste recall raised safety concerns, consumers want botanical swaps. Now it is vital to examine the clinical evidence. We rate evidence for each botanical use separately. Moderate means several controlled trials agree. Conversely, limited means one or two small trials.

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

Neem twigs have been used for centuries in oral care. For instance, a double-blind clinical trial tested 30 dental students. They used a neem toothpaste twice daily for 30 days^[4]. Consequently, the neem group showed a significant reduction in plaque accumulation. This was compared directly with the control group^[4].

Furthermore, another trial evaluated a neem mouthrinse. It reduced gingival bleeding as effectively as chlorhexidine^[5]. However, most neem trials last only 4 to 12 weeks. Therefore, long-term cavity protection remains unproven^{[4, 5]}.

Miswak (Salvadora persica)

Known traditionally as the “toothbrush tree,” Salvadora persica is a popular extract. In one randomized controlled trial, adults used a miswak stick twice daily. Ultimately, they achieved significant reductions in plaque and gingivitis scores^[6].

A systematic review confirmed these benefits. It showed that miswak consistently lowers plaque in adults^[7]. Nevertheless, researchers noted a downside. Specifically, aggressive scrubbing with raw sticks can irritate gum tissue^{[6, 7]}.

Aloe Vera Gel

For parents replacing recalled gels after the FDA voluntary toothpaste recall, aloe vera is popular. A randomized clinical study tested 30 adults with gingivitis. Brushing with an aloe dentifrice significantly lowered plaque indices by 27%^[8]. However, the reductions were identical to the control group. The control group used standard toothpaste^[8]. Aloe vera performs on par with conventional toothpastes.

Clove and Polyherbal Blends

Many natural toothpastes combine several botanicals. For example, they mix clove oil, neem, and babool. In a study of 79 adults, participants brushed with a polyherbal toothpaste^[9]. Consequently, both groups experienced highly significant drops in plaque^[9]. Similarly, a 24-week trial found excellent results. Specifically, an herbal toothpaste controlled gingivitis effectively over six months^[10].

The Limit of Herbal Prevention

Safety: side effects, enamel wear, and heavy metals

While trials report no serious side effects, unregulated powders carry risks^{[9, 10]}. Unlike standard toothpastes, fluoride-free herbal pastes are regulated merely as cosmetics^[3]. As a result, they do not require pre-market safety approval.

Heavy Metals in Natural Pastes

Consumers fleeing the FDA Toothpaste Recall 2026 can inadvertently buy dangerous products. Many clay-based herbal toothpastes use unrefined bentonite clay. Because these minerals are dug from the earth, they trap toxic heavy metals^{[13, 14]}.

In a 2025 independent laboratory investigation, 90% of tested toothpastes contained detectable lead^[13]. Natural toothpastes formulated with bentonite clay recorded the highest heavy metal concentrations^{[13, 14]}.

Abrasiveness and Allergic Reactions

First, charcoal powders can have a high relative dentin abrasion score. Consequently, scrubbing with gritty powders wears down tooth enamel. Second, concentrated essential oils can trigger allergies. For instance, cinnamon bark and clove can cause mouth ulcers^[11]. Therefore, stop use immediately if your gums burn.

Who Should Ask a Dentist First

Young children under six have an immature swallowing reflex. Therefore, essential oils can be toxic if swallowed^[12]. Additionally, people with active cavities need proven remineralization^[12]. Finally, pregnant women should avoid clay-based pastes due to lead risks^{[13, 15]}.

How to choose a safe herbal toothpaste

Because manufacturing quality varies widely, formulation matters greatly. Use these checks before buying a replacement after the FDA toothpaste recall.

Five Checks for Quality

1. Verify CGMP compliance. First, look for FDA-registered facilities. The recall happened specifically because of CGMP deviations^{[1, 3]}.
2. Choose standardized extracts. Second, pick toothpastes formulated with purified extracts. Raw charcoal can scratch enamel^{[4, 6]}.
3. Demand independent testing. Third, ask for a Certificate of Analysis (CoA) testing for heavy metals^{[13, 14]}.
4. Check for remineralization. Furthermore, choose a formula containing xylitol or nano-hydroxyapatite^[12].
5. Confirm safe abrasiveness. Finally, choose a product with a tested abrasion score well below 100.

Identifying Red Flags

Missing lot numbers on the tube are a bad sign^[1]. Similarly, DIY recipes calling for lemon juice are dangerous. Moreover, claims that an herb “cures periodontitis” are false. Certification seals verify what is inside the tube. Conversely, clinical trials verify how the ingredients perform.

Amounts and concentrations studied

Unlike oral capsules, toothpaste is applied topically. Therefore, there is no single official dose. Clinical trials test specific percentage concentrations^{[4, 6]}.

Recalled vs. herbal oral care products

In the wake of  recent FDA toothpaste recall, you will encounter many brands. Therefore, the comparison below outlines how regulators view these categories.

A clean botanical ingredient list does not guarantee CGMP compliance. Consequently, always verify both before making a switch.

Two numbers to check before you buy

Because natural mineral bases vary from batch to batch, ask the manufacturer for a batch-specific ICP-MS Certificate of Analysis (CoA) before switching. Confirm two key benchmarks: a lead level below 50 ppb (0.05 ppm) to prevent heavy-metal exposure, and a Relative Dentin Abrasion (RDA) score under 100 to keep your tooth enamel safe from scratching.

Frequently asked questions

Why was there a toothpaste recall in 2026?

In October 2026, manufacturers recalled 4,301,700 tubes of toothpaste. Specifically, this included Brush Buddies, evo, and ARU. They were recalled because of Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) deviations^{[1, 2, 3]}.

Do herbal toothpastes work as well as regular toothpaste?

For controlling dental plaque, human clinical trials show positive results. Indeed, toothpastes containing neem or aloe vera work just as well as conventional toothpastes^{[4, 8]}. However, they are not proven to prevent cavities^[12].

Are natural clay toothpastes safer for kids?

Not necessarily. While many parents look for natural pastes, independent laboratory testing is concerning. Specifically, toothpastes made with bentonite clay often contain elevated levels of lead^{[13, 14]}.

Conclusion

The FDA Voluntary Toothpaste Recall 2026 shows that mass-market products require strict factory quality controls^{[1, 3]}. Therefore, if you own any recalled Brush Buddies or evo tubes, discard them immediately^[1]. Finally, if you transition to herbal alternatives, always demand independent heavy-metal testing to protect your health^[13].

References

All sources accessed 23 October 2026.

1. Patle H, Medindia News Review Team. FDA recalled over 4.3 million toothpaste tubes: are your brands affected? Medindia. Published 22 October 2026.
2. Hernandez De La Cruz M. Toothpaste recall includes Barbie, Hot Wheels kids’ tubes; over 4.3 million tubes recalled nationwide. WLTX / USA Today Network. Updated 22 October 2026.
3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Enforcement Report: Class II Recall of 17 Toothpaste Products Manufactured by Pritam International Private Limited and Distributed by Ashtel Studios Inc. Classified 19 October 2026.
4. Abhishek KN, Supreetha S, Sam G, Khan SN, Chaithanya KH, Abdul N. Effect of neem containing toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis—a randomized double blind clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;16(11):880-883.
5. Chatterjee A, Saluja M, Singh N, Kandwal A. To evaluate the antigingivitis and antiplaque effect of an Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse on plaque induced gingivitis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(4):398-401.
6. Azizan NF, Mohd N, Nik Azis NM, Baharin B. Effectiveness of Salvadora persica toothbrush and Salvadora persica chewing stick in plaque and gingivitis control: a randomized control trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;23(1):456.
7. Ramli H, Aripin KNN, Said SM, Hanafiah RM, Dom TNM. The effectiveness of miswak (Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) practices in reducing plaque and gingivitis among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;298:115598.
8. de Oliveira SM, Torres TC, Pereira SL, Mota OM, Carlos MX. Effect of a dentifrice containing Aloe vera on plaque and gingivitis control: a double-blind clinical study in humans. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008;16(4):293-296.
9. Effect of polyherbal toothpaste on dental plaque, gingivitis, and saliva antioxidant properties: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2025;18(5):PMC12488507.
10. Control of plaque and gingivitis by an herbal toothpaste—a randomised controlled study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2017;15(5):407-413.
11. Soukoulis S, Hirsch R. The effects of a tea tree oil-containing gel on plaque and chronic gingivitis. Aust Dent J. 2004;49(2):78-83.
12. American Dental Association (ADA). Toothpastes: ADA Seal of Acceptance and fluoride clinical guidelines. Accessed 23 October 2026.
13. Rubin T (Lead Safe Mama). Independent laboratory ICP-MS heavy metal testing of 51 commercial, children’s, and natural toothpaste brands. Published April–June 2025.
14. Martin S. Are heavy metals hiding in your toothpaste? Clinical review of bentonite clay, hydroxyapatite, and calcium carbonate contamination. Dr. Sarira Martin DDS Dental Health. Published 17 April 2025.
15. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Lead and lead compounds: Proposition 65 safe harbor levels.

Herbs are among the most popular supplements in the world, but the research behind them varies a lot. Some have several good human trials. Others rest mostly on tradition, lab studies or small trials that have not been repeated.

This list covers 15 of the most widely used medicinal herbs, grouped by the health need people most often use them for. For each one, we explain what it is, what human studies show, the amounts studied, and who should avoid it. Every claim links to its source in the References.

Looking for a specific product? Browse our herbal product reviews, where we check labels, testing and safety.

How to read this list

Each herb gets an evidence rating for its main use, based on human studies summarised by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). We rate each use separately, because an herb can have decent evidence for one problem and none for another.

No herb on this list reaches “strong” evidence for its main use. Animal and lab studies are not counted, because they do not show that an herb works in people.

To see how we check sources and products, read how we review.

Quick reference: 15 herbs at a glance

Herbs for stress, anxiety and sleep

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Ashwagandha is a shrub used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. Supplements are usually made from the root, or the root and leaf.^[1]

What the research shows: In several studies, people who took ashwagandha for 6 to 8 weeks reported less stress and anxiety, and some studies found better results at 500 to 600 mg a day.^[1] NIH’s complementary health centre says some preparations may help stress and insomnia, but evidence for anxiety is unclear.^[2] For sleep, only a few small studies exist, and the benefits were small.^[1]

• Evidence: Moderate for stress. Limited for sleep.
• Amounts studied: About 500 to 600 mg of extract a day, for 6 to 8 weeks.^[1]
• Avoid or ask a doctor first if you: are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a thyroid or autoimmune condition, are having surgery, or have hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.^[2]
• Medicine interactions: diabetes and blood pressure medicines, sedatives, seizure medicines, immune-suppressing drugs and thyroid hormone.^[2]

It may be safe for up to 3 months. Rare cases of liver injury have been linked to ashwagandha supplements.^[2]

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

German chamomile is best known as a calming tea.^[3]

What the research shows: Studies have not produced enough reliable evidence to rate chamomile for any specific condition. Early studies suggest a chamomile supplement might help generalised anxiety disorder. For sleep there is very little information, and a 2019 review found one insomnia study that showed no benefit.^[3]

• Evidence: Limited for anxiety. Unclear for sleep.
• Avoid or ask a doctor first if you: are allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds or daisies, or have an estrogen-sensitive condition.^[3]
• Medicine interactions: warfarin and some medicines processed by the liver. Early studies suggest it may make birth control pills less effective.^[3]

Chamomile tea in normal food amounts is likely safe.^[3]

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

Lavender is used in teas, aromatherapy and as an oral oil capsule.^[4]

What the research shows: Studies suggest one oral lavender oil product may help anxiety, but the studies were small and mostly not independently funded. Whether lavender aromatherapy helps anxiety, stress or sleep is unclear.^[4]

• Evidence: Limited for anxiety (oral lavender oil capsules). Unclear for sleep and aromatherapy.
• Common side effects of oral products: diarrhoea, headache, nausea and burping.^[4]
• Avoid or ask a doctor first if you: take sedatives or are having surgery. Topical products can cause skin allergies.^[4]

Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is poorly understood.^[4]

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

Valerian root is one of the most common herbal sleep aids.^[5]

What the research shows: The evidence for insomnia is inconsistent. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s 2017 guidelines recommend against valerian for chronic insomnia in adults. There is not enough evidence for anxiety.^[5]

• Evidence: Unclear for sleep.
• Amounts studied: 300 to 600 mg a day, for up to 6 weeks, appeared safe.^[5]
• Possible side effects: headache, stomach upset, mental dullness and vivid dreams. Stopping suddenly after long use may cause anxiety or insomnia.^[5]
• Do not combine with: alcohol or sedatives.^[5]

Very rare cases of liver injury have been reported, mostly when valerian was combined with other herbs.^[5]

Herbs for mood and memory

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

St. John’s wort is a yellow-flowered plant used for low mood. It has more research behind it than most herbs, and more risks too.^[6]

What the research shows: For mild to moderate depression, studies suggest it works better than placebo and about as well as standard antidepressants. Its effect on severe depression, and over more than 12 weeks, is uncertain.^[6]

• Evidence: Moderate for mild to moderate depression.
• Possible side effects: diarrhoea, dizziness, trouble sleeping, restlessness and skin reactions in sunlight at high doses.^[6]
• Avoid if you: are pregnant or breastfeeding.^[6]

Depression is a medical condition. Do not use St. John’s wort instead of seeing a doctor, and do not stop prescribed treatment on your own.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

Ginkgo leaf extract is one of the best-known “memory” supplements.^[7]

What the research shows: Three large studies found ginkgo did not lower the risk of dementia. The largest, the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study, followed more than 3,000 people aged 75 or older for a median of 6 years and found no difference in dementia rates. Ginkgo also does not appear to help tinnitus. Evidence for a modest benefit on existing dementia symptoms is inconsistent.^[7]

• Evidence: Not supported for preventing dementia. Unclear for other uses.
• Possible side effects: dizziness, stomach upset and headache.^[7]
• Avoid or ask a doctor first if you: take blood thinners such as warfarin, or are pregnant. Ginkgo may raise bleeding risk.^[7]

Never eat raw ginkgo seeds, which are toxic.^[7]

Herbs for digestion and nausea

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger root is both a kitchen spice and one of the most studied herbs for nausea.^[8]

What the research shows: Research shows ginger may help nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Supplements might also ease period pain and knee osteoarthritis symptoms, though much of the arthritis research is poor quality. It is uncertain whether ginger helps nausea after surgery or chemotherapy, and most studies found it does not help motion sickness.^[8]

• Evidence: Moderate for pregnancy nausea. Limited for period pain and knee osteoarthritis. Not supported for motion sickness.
• Possible side effects: stomach discomfort, heartburn, diarrhoea and mouth or throat irritation.^[8]
• In pregnancy: supplements may be safe, but check with your doctor or midwife first.^[8]

If you take any medicine, ask a pharmacist before taking ginger supplements, as some herbs and medicines interact.^[8]

Peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita)

Peppermint oil is taken as capsules for gut symptoms and applied to the skin for headaches.^[9]

What the research shows: Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules may improve irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adults. A 2022 review of 10 studies with 1,030 people found it better than placebo for overall symptoms and tummy pain, and the American College of Gastroenterology recommended it in 2021. Limited evidence suggests peppermint oil on the skin may ease tension headaches. There is no evidence that peppermint oil alone helps indigestion, and it may make it worse.^[9]

• Evidence: Moderate for IBS (enteric-coated capsules). Limited for tension headache.
• Possible side effects: heartburn, nausea, stomach pain and dry mouth. Enteric coating makes heartburn less likely.^[9]
• Never apply to the face of a baby or young child: the menthol can affect breathing.^[9]

Herbs for joints and inflammation

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Turmeric is a ginger-family spice. Its yellow compounds, curcuminoids, including curcumin, are thought to be behind its effects.^[10]

What the research shows: Several reviews of oral turmeric or curcumin report early positive evidence for knee osteoarthritis pain, stiffness and mobility, but higher-quality studies are needed. Early research also suggests it may help mouth sores from cancer treatment and some measures of fatty liver disease. For other conditions, there is not enough evidence to say.^[10]

• Evidence: Limited for knee osteoarthritis.
• Possible side effects: nausea, acid reflux, stomach upset, diarrhoea or constipation.^[10]
• Avoid supplements if you: are pregnant.^[10]

Curcumin content varies widely between products, so check the label for the amount of curcuminoids per dose.^[10]

Herbs for colds and immunity

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and related species)

Echinacea is a daisy-family plant sold mainly for colds and other respiratory infections.^[11]

What the research shows: Many studies have looked at colds. Taking echinacea may slightly lower the chance of catching a cold, but it is unclear whether it shortens one. More research is needed to confirm these findings.^[11]

• Evidence: Limited for preventing colds. Unclear for shortening them.
• Possible side effects: stomach pain and nausea. Some people have allergic reactions, which can be severe.^[11]
• Children: some children in a trial developed rashes. Ask your child’s doctor first.^[11]
• Medicine interactions: possible with immune-suppressing drugs.^[11]

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)

Black elderberry is a dark purple berry used in syrups and gummies for colds and flu.^[12]

What the research shows: Only a small number of studies exist. Early research suggests elderberry may relieve symptoms of colds, flu and other upper respiratory infections, but the evidence is limited. There is no good evidence that it helps COVID-19.^[12]

• Evidence: Limited for cold and flu symptoms.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: little is known about safety.^[12]

Herbs for heart, energy, liver and menopause

Garlic (Allium sativum) for heart health

Garlic supplements are among the most studied herbs for heart health.^[13]

What the research shows: Cholesterol is the most studied area. Garlic supplements may modestly lower total and LDL cholesterol in people with high cholesterol, and may slightly lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure, though that evidence is limited. Very little research supports garlic for colds.^[13]

• Evidence: Limited for cholesterol and blood pressure.
• Possible side effects: breath and body odour, stomach pain, gas and nausea.^[13]
• Ask a doctor first if you: take blood thinners or aspirin, or are having surgery. Garlic supplements may increase bleeding.^[13]
• In pregnancy: amounts above normal food use may not be safe.^[13]

Garlic has been used safely in studies lasting up to 7 years.^[13]

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) for energy

Asian ginseng root is often marketed for energy and focus.^[14]

What the research shows: A 2023 review of 19 studies found a possible small benefit for general fatigue. Some small studies suggest better attention and reaction time in middle-aged adults, and possible benefits for erectile dysfunction. Most studies were small and lasted under 3 months, and most found no benefit for athletic performance.^[14]

• Evidence: Limited for fatigue. Not supported for athletic performance.
• Most common side effect: trouble sleeping.^[14]
• Ask a doctor first if you: have diabetes (it may lower blood sugar), an autoimmune condition or a bleeding disorder, or take any medicine.^[14]
• Avoid if you: are pregnant or breastfeeding, or for children.^[14]

Short-term use of up to 6 months appears safe for most adults.^[14]

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the liver

Milk thistle and its extract, silymarin, are widely sold for liver health.^[15]

What the research shows: Trials in alcohol-related liver disease, hepatitis B and C, and fatty liver disease have had conflicting results or were too limited to draw conclusions. Two NIH-funded studies in hepatitis C and fatty liver disease found no benefit. A few small studies suggest it may help blood sugar in type 2 diabetes.^[15]

• Evidence: Not supported for hepatitis C and fatty liver disease. Unclear for other liver conditions.
• Possible side effects: bloating, nausea and gas.^[15]
• Avoid if you: are allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds or daisies.^[15]

Some products have contained different amounts of silymarin from the label, or been contaminated, so choose independently tested products.^[15]

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) for menopause

Black cohosh root is one of the most popular herbs for menopause symptoms.^[16]

What the research shows: A 2023 review of 22 studies found a potential overall benefit for menopause symptoms, with improvement in hot flashes but not in anxiety or low mood. It is uncertain whether it helps hot flashes caused by breast cancer treatment.^[16]

• Evidence: Moderate for menopausal hot flashes.
• Avoid if you: are pregnant or breastfeeding. Safety is uncertain with hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast or uterine cancer.^[16]

How to use herbs safely

“Natural” does not mean safe. Herbs can cause side effects and interact with medicines, and the sources behind this list repeat the same few rules.^{[2, 6, 10]}

• Tell your doctor and pharmacist about every herb and supplement you take, especially before surgery and if you take blood thinners, diabetes medicines or antidepressants.^{[6, 7, 13]}
• Be extra careful in pregnancy, while breastfeeding and with children. For most herbs on this list, safety in these groups is unknown or doubtful.^{[2, 12, 14]}
• Choose tested products. Supplements can contain different amounts from the label or be contaminated.^[15] An independent testing seal, such as USP or NSF, shows a product was checked for what is on the label.
• Start with one herb at a time, at the amount on the label, so you can tell what is causing any effect.
• Stop and get help if you notice dark urine, yellowing skin or eyes, unusual tiredness, a rash or trouble breathing.^{[10, 16]}
• Do not replace treatment. Use herbs alongside medical care, not instead of it, and never stop a prescribed medicine on your own.

Frequently asked questions

Which herb has the strongest evidence?

Of the 15 herbs here, the strongest evidence is for St. John’s wort in mild to moderate depression, peppermint oil capsules for IBS, ginger for pregnancy nausea, black cohosh for menopausal hot flashes and ashwagandha for stress. Even these are rated moderate, not strong.^{[1, 6, 8, 9, 16]}

Are herbal supplements safe because they are natural?

No. Several herbs on this list have been linked to liver damage, bleeding risk or serious medicine interactions.^{[2, 6, 10, 16]}

Can I take herbs with my prescription medicines?

Sometimes, but ask your doctor or pharmacist first. St. John’s wort, ginkgo and garlic are among the herbs most likely to cause problems with medicines.^{[6, 7, 13]}

Which herbs may help with sleep?

The evidence is weak. Ashwagandha showed small benefits in a few studies, while the evidence for valerian and chamomile is unclear.^{[1, 3, 5]}

How long should I take an herb before deciding if it works?

Most studies on this list lasted between a few weeks and 3 months. If you notice no benefit after the period studied, the herb may not help you.^{[1, 5, 14]}

Are herbs safe in pregnancy?

For most herbs, safety in pregnancy is unknown or doubtful. Ask your doctor or midwife before taking any herbal supplement while pregnant or breastfeeding.^{[2, 8, 12]}

References

All sources accessed 22 October 2026.

1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? Updated 4 December 2023.
2. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). Ashwagandha. March 2023.
3. NCCIH. Chamomile. November 2024.
4. NCCIH. Lavender. February 2025.
5. NCCIH. Valerian. May 2025.
6. NCCIH. St. John’s Wort.
7. NCCIH. Ginkgo. February 2025.
8. NCCIH. Ginger. February 2025.
9. NCCIH. Peppermint Oil. May 2025.
10. NCCIH. Turmeric. April 2025.
11. NCCIH. Echinacea. November 2024.
12. NCCIH. European Elder. November 2024.
13. NCCIH. Garlic. February 2025.
14. NCCIH. Asian Ginseng. February 2025.
15. NCCIH. Milk Thistle. February 2025.
16. NCCIH. Black Cohosh. November 2024.

Shilajit is a sticky, tar-like substance that seeps from rocks in high mountains, and it is now one of the fastest-growing supplements online. The marketing promises a lot: more testosterone, more energy, a sharper brain. The human research is real but small, and the biggest risk is not the herb itself but what an unpurified product can contain, such as lead and other heavy metals.^{[1, 7, 8]}

This guide explains what shilajit is, what human trials have actually found, who should avoid it, and how to tell a carefully made, tested product from a risky one.

What shilajit is

Shilajit, also called mumie or mineral pitch, is a natural substance that forms in mountain ranges over hundreds of years. Most products come from the Himalayas. An Andean form is studied in Chile.^{[10, 12]}

It is a mix of fulvic acids, compounds called dibenzo-alpha-pyrones, proteins and minerals.^[3] In Ayurvedic medicine it is used as a rasayana, a rejuvenating tonic.^[1]

Its makeup changes with where and how it is collected, so two products can differ a lot. Switching brands can mean switching to a different product.^[10]

Resin, powder or capsule? Shilajit is sold as a sticky resin, a powder or capsules. The human trials below used standardized, purified extracts, not raw resin. Results from one extract do not automatically apply to another.^{[1, 3, 5]}

What the research shows

We rate evidence for each use separately, based on human studies only. Moderate means several trials agree; limited means one or two small trials or early results. Animal and lab studies are not counted. No use of shilajit reaches moderate evidence.

Testosterone

In a randomized, double-blind trial, healthy men aged 45 to 55 took 250 mg of purified shilajit twice a day for 90 days. Total testosterone, free testosterone and DHEAS rose significantly compared with placebo, and other hormones stayed stable.^[1] Trade press reported that total testosterone rose about 20% and that the extract was PrimaVie.^[14]

This is one small trial, and it measured hormone levels, not symptoms such as energy, mood or sex drive. It has not been repeated by an independent team.

Male fertility

In a 2010 study, men with low sperm counts took 100 mg of processed shilajit twice a day for 90 days. Of 35 men who started, 28 finished. Total sperm count rose 61% and testosterone 24% compared with their own starting levels.^[2]

There was no placebo group, so some of the change may have happened anyway. Anyone with fertility concerns should see a doctor rather than rely on this result.

Muscle strength and fatigue

Sixty-three active young men took 250 mg or 500 mg of PrimaVie shilajit a day, or placebo, for 8 weeks. Among the stronger half of the men, those on 500 mg lost less strength after a tiring exercise test than the other groups (about 9% versus 16 to 17%), and had lower levels of a collagen breakdown marker. The 250 mg dose made no difference.^[3]

Collagen

In a small randomized trial of 35 young men, 500 mg or 1,000 mg of shilajit a day for 8 weeks raised a blood marker of type 1 collagen production, while placebo did not.^[4] A blood marker is not the same as healthier skin, joints or tendons, which this study did not measure.

Bone density after menopause

Sixty postmenopausal women with low bone density (osteopenia) took 250 mg or 500 mg of a standardized shilajit extract a day, or placebo, for 48 weeks. Bone density in the spine and hip fell in the placebo group but was better preserved with shilajit, more so at the higher dose.^[5] This is a single trial and needs repeating before shilajit can be considered for bone health.

Memory and Alzheimer’s disease

Lab studies suggest compounds in Andean shilajit can block the clumping of tau, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease.^[12] Lab results do not show that a supplement works in people.

The only human trial gave 82 people with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease either placebo or BrainUp-10, a product that combines Andean shilajit with B vitamins. Apathy improved significantly, and no product-related side effects were reported.^[6] Because the product also contains B vitamins, the result cannot be credited to shilajit alone, and several of its authors have also written reviews promoting Andean shilajit.^{[6, 12]}

Energy and general fitness

A 2026 study gave 25 healthy men 500 mg a day of shilajit resin for 28 days and reported gains in strength and endurance. It had no placebo or comparison group, so the gains cannot be separated from training or expectation effects.^[13]

Safety: side effects and heavy metals

The 2010 fertility study found no change in liver or kidney tests after 90 days, and the Alzheimer’s trial reported no product-related side effects.^{[2, 6]} But research on side effects is limited, and the US Food and Drug Administration has not tested shilajit products to confirm that they contain what their labels say.^[10]

Heavy metals: the main risk

Shilajit comes out of rock, so it naturally carries minerals, and some of them are toxic. A 2022 laboratory analysis of shilajit sold from India and Pakistan found lead, arsenic, mercury and other metals above standard permissible limits.^[7] This is why purification and independent testing matter more for shilajit than for most herbal supplements.

Premium branding is no guarantee. In a 2023 California court settlement, the brand Cymbiotika agreed that its “Cymbiotika x Pürblack Shilajit Black Gold Complex Mineral Resin” must carry a lead warning if a daily serving exposes a person to more than 0.5 micrograms of lead, and to have it tested for lead every year for five years. The company did not admit the allegations.^[8] That 0.5 microgram figure is California’s daily limit for lead before a reproductive-harm warning is required.^[9]

Allergic reactions

Serious allergic reactions are possible. Stop and get help right away if you notice hives, swelling of the face or throat, or trouble breathing.^[10] One case report described a woman whose severe exercise-related allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) was linked to shilajit taken with food.^[11]

Who should avoid it or ask a doctor first

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: it is not known whether shilajit is safe for a fetus or passes into breast milk, so avoid it.^[10]
• Kidney, liver or prostate problems: talk to your doctor before taking it.^[10]
• Testosterone therapy: ask your doctor before combining shilajit with testosterone or medicines that contain it.^[10]
• Children: keep it out of their reach.^[10]
• Any regular medicine: how shilajit interacts with medicines is not fully understood, so tell your doctor or pharmacist what you take.^[10]

How to choose high-quality shilajit

Because quality varies so much, how a product is made and tested matters more than where it says it comes from. Use these five checks before you buy.

1. Purified, not raw. Choose a product described as purified or processed, with the extract named on the label. All of the human trials used purified extracts.^{[1, 2, 3]}
2. A clear amount per serving. The label should state the milligrams of shilajit extract per capsule or serving. A “pea-sized piece” of resin cannot be measured reliably.
3. Standardized active compounds. Better products state the percentage of fulvic acids, and sometimes dibenzo-alpha-pyrones, so you know what you are getting from batch to batch.
4. A recent heavy-metal test from an independent lab. Ask for a certificate of analysis for your batch that lists lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. The test should come from a lab not owned by the brand. In the Cymbiotika settlement, testing had to be done by an independent laboratory using a method called ICP-MS.^[8] Then check the daily lead dose (see below).
5. Honest claims. Walk away from products that promise to cure disease, reverse ageing or replace medicine. No shilajit product has proven those effects.

Red flags

• “Raw”, “unprocessed” or “straight from the mountain” used as a selling point.
• No batch number, or a certificate of analysis the brand will not share.
• A test result that covers only an ingredient, not the finished product you buy.
• Claims of “pharmaceutical grade” or “clinically proven” with no named study.

Certification seals and lab tests show what is in the jar. They do not prove the product works. Our How we review page explains how we check both.

Amounts studied

There is no official dose for shilajit. These are the amounts used in human trials of purified extracts, not a recommendation.^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]}

The longest trial lasted 48 weeks.^[5] Follow the label of your product, don’t take extra doses, and stop if you notice side effects.^[10] If you are unsure whether shilajit suits you, ask your doctor or pharmacist first.

Branded ingredients and products

You will often see two trademarked names on shilajit labels. Here is what the research does and does not say about them.

An ingredient name on the label does not tell you how much of it a capsule contains, or whether that batch was tested for lead. Check both before you buy.

We have not yet completed a full check of any individual shilajit product. When we do, the results will appear in our herbal product reviews, checked the same way as every other product, whether or not we earn a commission.

Frequently asked questions

Does shilajit really raise testosterone?

One randomized trial in healthy men aged 45 to 55 found that 500 mg a day of purified shilajit for 90 days raised total and free testosterone compared with placebo.^[1] It has not been repeated by an independent team, and it did not test whether men felt any different.

Is shilajit safe to take every day?

Trials have used purified shilajit daily for up to 48 weeks.^[5] The bigger concern is heavy metals in poorly made products, so only use a purified product with a recent independent lead test.^{[7, 8]} Avoid it in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.^[10]

Is raw shilajit resin better than capsules?

There is no evidence that it is. The human trials used purified extracts, and laboratory tests of commercial shilajit have found toxic metals above permissible limits.^{[1, 7]} Capsules also make the amount easier to measure.

Can shilajit help with Alzheimer’s disease or memory?

Not on current evidence. Lab studies are promising, but the only human trial tested a mix of Andean shilajit and B vitamins, so it cannot show what shilajit does alone.^{[6, 12]}

Can women take shilajit?

One trial in postmenopausal women with low bone density used it for 48 weeks and found better-preserved bone density than with placebo.^[5] Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or trying to conceive should avoid it.^[10]

How long does shilajit take to work?

The trials measured effects after 8 weeks to 48 weeks, not days.^{[3, 5]} Any product promising fast results is going beyond the evidence.

References

All sources accessed 23 October 2026.

1. Pandit S, Biswas S, Jana U, De RK, Mukhopadhyay SC, Biswas TK. Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia. 2016;48(5):570-575.
2. Biswas TK, et al. Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermia. Andrologia. 2010;42(1):48-56.
3. Keller JL, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Smith CM, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. The effects of Shilajit supplementation on fatigue-induced decreases in muscular strength and serum hydroxyproline levels. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):3.
4. Neltner TJ, Sahoo PK, Smith RW, et al. Effects of 8 weeks of Shilajit supplementation on serum pro-c1α1, a biomarker of type 1 collagen synthesis: a randomized control trial. J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):1-12.
5. Pingali U, Nutalapati C. Shilajit extract reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and bone loss to dose-dependently preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2022;105:154334.
6. Guzman-Martinez L, Farías GA, Tapia JP, et al. Interventional study to evaluate the clinical effects and safety of the nutraceutical compound BrainUp-10 in a cohort of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;81(3):1231-1241.
7. Aldakheel, Gondal, Alsayed, et al. Rapid determination and quantification of nutritional and poisonous metals in vastly consumed Ayurvedic herbal medicine (rejuvenator Shilajit) by humans using three advanced analytical techniques. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022.
8. Superior Court of California, County of Alameda. Environmental Research Center, Inc. v. Cymbiotika LLC, Case No. 22CV023029: Stipulated Consent Judgment. Notice of entry of judgment dated 18 April 2023.
9. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Lead and lead compounds: Proposition 65 safe harbor levels.
10. WebMD. Shilajit: uses, side effects and more. Medically reviewed 30 July 2025.
11. Losa, Deidda, Firinu, et al. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis with an Ayurvedic drug as cofactor: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2019;7(5).
12. Andrade V, Wong-Guerra M, Cortés N, et al. Scaling the Andean Shilajit: a novel neuroprotective agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):960.
13. Yadav, Mishra, Shah, et al. Safety and efficacy of TruBlk Shilajit resin supplementation on physical performance and blood biomarkers in healthy adults: a 28-day open-label pilot study. Cureus. 2026.
14. NutraIngredients. Shilajit supplements may boost testosterone for healthy men: RCT. 6 October 2015.
15. NutraIngredients. Natreon’s Shilajit extract shows bone health promise for postmenopausal women: RCT. 11 August 2022.